A. Perspective images of topography:
Hawaii-Emperor chain
Emperor seamounts
Bering-Sea and Hawaii-Emperor chain
Topography data are from Smith, W.H.F., and Sandwell, D.T. Global seafloor
topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings, Science, 277,
1957-1962 (1997). Available online at ftp://topex.ucsd.edu/pub/global_topo_1min/topo_14.1.img
Vertical exaggeration for better visibility. Elevations are additionally
indicated by color. Maps were produced with GMT (Wessel, P. and Smith, W.H.F. Free
software helps map and display data, EOS Trans. AGU, 72, 441, 1991.)
B. Mantle flow, chemically homogeneous mantle
Model 2b of Steinberger and Calderwood (GJI, 2006) - chemically homogeneous mantle
Radial viscosity profile based on mineral physics and obtaining a good fit to geoid and heat flux profile
Density model derived from smean (Becker and Boschi, 2002)
Scaling profile from seismic velocity to density heterogeneities based on mineral physics; reduced by factor 0.5 in uppermost 220 km
Compressible flow; phase boundaries at 400 and 670 km
At different depths
in African hemisphere:
Surface,
72km,
215km,
359km,
502km,
646km,
790km,
933km,
1077km,
1220km,
1364km,
1507km,
1651km,
1794km,
1937km,
2081km,
2225km,
2368km,
2512km,
2656km,
2799km,
Core-mantle boundary
in Pacific hemisphere:
Surface,
72km,
215km,
359km,
502km,
646km,
790km,
933km,
1077km,
1220km,
1364km,
1507km,
1651km,
1794km,
1937km,
2081km,
2225km,
2368km,
2512km,
2656km,
2799km,
Core-mantle boundary
C. Mantle flow, with chemical variations in lowermost 300 km
Similar to Model C of Steinberger and Holme (JGR, 2008) but lowest viscosity in asthenosphere
Radial viscosity profile based on mineral physics and obtaining a good fit to geoid, heat flux profile and core-mantle boundary constraints
Density model derived from smean (Becker and Boschi, 2002)
Scaling profile from seismic velocity to density heterogeneities based on mineral physics; reduced by factor 0.5 in uppermost 220 km
Compressible flow; phase boundaries at 400 and 670 km
At different depths
in African hemisphere:
Surface,
72km,
215km,
359km,
502km,
646km,
790km,
933km,
1077km,
1220km,
1364km,
1507km,
1651km,
1794km,
1937km,
2081km,
2225km,
2368km,
2512km,
2656km,
2799km,
Core-mantle boundary
in Pacific hemisphere:
Surface,
72km,
215km,
359km,
502km,
646km,
790km,
933km,
1077km,
1220km,
1364km,
1507km,
1651km,
1794km,
1937km,
2081km,
2225km,
2368km,
2512km,
2656km,
2799km,
Core-mantle boundary
